| Chapter 2 Education
and Human Resources Development for Science and Technology |
| 2.1 |
International comparison of Mathematics and Science Education
in Junior High School |
34 |
| 2.2 |
High School |
39 |
| 2.2.1 |
Trends in Number of Admissions and Enrolments |
39 |
| 2.2.2 |
Routes
of High School Graduates |
42 |
| 2.3 |
University Faculties |
44 |
| 2.3.1 |
Trends in Applicant Numbers |
44 |
| 2.3.2 |
Trends in the 18-year-old Population and
Enrollees |
47 |
| 2.3.3 |
Career Paths of Science and Engineering
Graduates |
49 |
| 2.4 |
Graduate School |
52 |
| 2.4.1 |
Trends in Numbers of Graduate Students |
52 |
| 2.4.2 |
Developments in Academic Advancement to
Graduate School |
54 |
| 2.4.3 |
Employment of Graduates of Graduate School
in Major Industries |
54 |
| 2.5 |
Number of Persons Obtaining Degrees |
56 |
| 2.5.1 |
Trends in the Number of Doctorates Conferred |
56 |
| 2.5.2 |
International Comparison of the Number
of Degrees Conferred |
57 |
| Chapter 3 R&D
Systems and the Public Sector |
| 3.1 |
International Comparison of R&D Systems |
61 |
| 3.1.1 |
Long-term trends in R&D |
61 |
| 3.1.2 |
R&D in the Industrial, Academic and Government
Sectors |
72 |
| 3.2 |
Features and Issues of
R&D in Japan |
79 |
| 3.2.1 |
R&D Expenditures per Researcher |
79 |
| 3.2.2 |
Breakdown of R&D Expenditures and Basic
Research Expenditures by Type |
80 |
| 3.2.3 |
Number of Researchers by Specialty |
81 |
| 3.2.4 |
Research Assistants and Post Doctorates |
82 |
| 3.3 |
Government Supported R&D |
84 |
| 3.3.1 |
R&D Expenditures Supported by the Government |
84 |
| 3.3.2 |
Science and Technology Expenditures by
Government |
86 |
| 3.4 |
Science and Technology Foundations |
92 |
| 3.4.1 |
The History of Foundations |
92 |
| 3.4.2 |
The Supported and Asset Scales of Foundations |
93 |
| 3.4.3 |
The Type of Assistance and the Targeted
Fields |
94 |
| 3.5 |
R&D in the Government Sector |
96 |
| Chapter 6 R&D
Achievements |
| 6.1 |
Science papers |
129 |
| 6.1.1 |
International Comparison of Output of
Papers |
129 |
| 6.1.2 |
Number of Scientific Papers by Area of
Research |
134 |
| 6.2 |
Patents |
137 |
| 6.2.1 |
The Internationalization of Patents |
137 |
| 6.2.2 |
Comparison of Technical Strengths According
to Data on U.S. Patents |
142 |
| 6.3 |
Trade in Technology |
146 |
| 6.3.1 |
International Comparison of Technology
Trade |
146 |
| 6.3.2 |
Technology Trade by Industry in Japan |
149 |
| 6.3.3 |
International Technology Trading Partners
of Japan |
151 |
| 6.3.4 |
Number of Technology Imports by Field |
154 |
| 6.3.5 |
Technology Trade Statistics for Japan |
155 |
| Chapter 7 Social
Contribution of Science and Technology |
| 7.1 |
Technological Progress and Improved Productivity |
159 |
| 7.1.1 |
Raising Labor Productivity of Added Value |
159 |
| 7.1.2 |
Technological Progress and Changes in
Total Factor Productivity |
162 |
| 7.2 |
Innovations in New Product Development |
165 |
| 7.2.1 |
Objectives and Meaning of Indicators |
165 |
| 7.2.2 |
Trends in Number of Products and Average
Product Life |
166 |
| 7.3 |
Contribution of Telecommunications Technology to Society
and Economy |
176 |
| 7.3.1 |
Progress in Telecommunications Technology |
176 |
| 7.3.2 |
Growth in the Telecommunications Industry |
177 |
| 7.3.3 |
Take-up of Telecommunications Technology |
179 |
| 7.3.4 |
Expansion of the Internet |
179 |
| 7.3.5 |
Social Aspects of Telecommunications Technology
|
181 |
| 7.4 |
Contribution of Life Sciences |
184 |
| 7.4.1 |
Trends in Life Sciences Research Expenditure |
185 |
| 7.4.2 |
State of Patents Concerning Genetic Engineering |
186 |
| 7.4.3 |
Applications in Agriculture, Forestry
and fisheries |
189 |
| 7.4.4 |
Technological Advances in Medical Care |
192 |
| Chapter 9 Regional
Science and Technology Activities |
| 9.1 |
Education |
216 |
| 9.1.1 |
Number of Universities and University
Students |
216 |
| 9.1.2 |
Number of Graduates |
218 |
| 9.1.3 |
Number of Students at Post-secondary Technical
Schools |
219 |
| 9.1.4 |
Community Education |
220 |
| 9.2 |
R&D Activities |
222 |
| 9.2.1 |
Number of Research Facilities at Private
Companies |
222 |
| 9.2.2 |
Number of National Research Institutes
and Researchers |
223 |
| 9.2.3 |
Number of Regional Research Institutes
and Researchers |
224 |
| 9.3 |
Policies for Regional Promotion of Science and Technology |
226 |
| 9.3.1 |
Provision of Comprehensive Regional Promotion
Systems |
226 |
| 9.3.2 |
Regional Expenditures on Science and Technology
|
228 |
| 9.3.3 |
regional Expenditures by Each Prefectural
Government for Regional Higher Education in Science and Engineering |
230 |
| 9.4 |
Achievements of Science and Technology Activities |
232 |
| 9.4.1 |
Number of Patent Applications |
232 |
| 9.5 |
Science and Technology Activities and Regional Economies |
233 |
| 9.5.1 |
Number of Venture Companies |
233 |
| 9.5.2 |
Number of Companies with New Listings
and Over-the-counter Issues |
234 |
| 9.5.3 |
Gross Prefectural Product and Prefectural
Income Level |
235 |
| 9.6 |
Stractural Change of Regional Industries |
236 |
