NISTEP Report No. 37 Science and Technology Indicators: 1994 A Systematic Analysis of Science and Technology Activities in Japan January 1995 Science and Technology Indicator Project Team National Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTEP) Science and Technology Agency, Japan Translation from Japanese version Science and Technology Indicators: 1994 A Systematic Analysis of Science and Technology Activities in Japan January 1995 Science and Technology Indicator Project Team National Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTEP) Science and Technology Agency, Japan Preface The National Institute of Science and Technology Policy developed indicators showing the state of science and technology in Japan and presented these in September 1991 as NISTEP Report No. 19, "Systematic Science and Technology Indicators". These indicators systematically organized the scientific and technological activities of Japan and this report was the first to make the overall state of these activities quantitatively comprehensible. It has been more than three years since that report, and it was decided to release a 1994 report on scientific and technological indicators on the basis of research results since the prior report. This new report maintains the indicator structure of the previous report while adding new indicators and updating data on existing indicators. As a result, there have been some changes made to Chapter 2 ("Education and Human Resource Development for Science and Technology"), Chapter 7 ("Public Opinion on Science and Technology"), and Chapter 9 ("Regional R&D Activities"). The issue of composite indicators came up as a future consideration during the preparation of the earlier report, and an outline of a test of certain composite indicators has been given in Chapter 10. Science and technology indicators cover a wide range of fields, and in compiling them, a project team was formed comprising research fellows from groups within our own institute as well as guest research fellows. This team discussed the overall structure and characteristics of the indicators and chose to delegate the explanation of individual indicators to specific team members. Our institute is grateful to Professor Fujio Niwa of Saitama University, presently affiliated with our institute and in charge of generating the indicators for the previous report, for his invaluable guidance in developing this report's indicators. We hope that, in the ever-changing world of science and technology, this report will be of some assistance in considering future directions for science and technology in Japan. January 1995 Jiro Shibata Research Director Science and Technology Indicator Project Team Leader National Institute of Science and Technology Policy Science and Technology Agency [Contributions] Fujio Niwa Affiliated with NISTEP (Professor, Saitama University) Introduction, Chapter 10 Hiroyuki Tomizawa Second Theory-Oriented Research Group, NISTEP Chapters 1, 3 (Section 3.2), 4, 5 (Sections 5.1–5.2), 9, 10 Chiaki Nishigata First Policy-Oriented Research Group, NISTEP Chapter 2 Hiromichi Matsuo Second Policy-Oriented Research Group, NISTEP Chapter 3 (Section 3.1) Kazunari Takebe Former Forth Policy-Oriented Research Group, NISTEP Chapter 5 (Section 5.3), Chapter 6 (Sections 6.2–6.3) Akio Nishimoto Second Policy-Oriented Research Group, NISTEP Chapter 5 (Section 5.4), Chapter 8 (Section 8.1) Akiya Nagata First Policy-Oriented Research Group, NISTEP Chapter 6 (Section 6.1) Hajime Nagahama Guest Research Fellow (Professor, Shinshu University; former Second Policy-Oriented Research Group, NISTEP Chapter 7 Yuhei Watanabe Former Forth Policy-Oriented Research Group, NISTEP Chapter 8 (Sections 8.1–8.2) Yasuo Kusama Third Policy-Oriented Research Group, NISTEP Chapter 8 (Section 8.2) TakashiYamanaka Third Policy-Oriented Research Group, NISTEP Chapter 8 (Section 8.2) Masataka Ota Information Division, NISTEP Chapter 8 (Section 8.2) [Cooperation] Shin-ichi Kobayashi University of Electro-Communications (Chapter 3; data provision) Takeshi Kato Tokyo Institute of Technology Chapter 3; data compilation) Takao Kiba Policy-Oriented Research Group, NISTEP (Chapter 4; data compilation) Hirokatsu Watatani Former Third Policy-Oriented Research Group, NISTEP (Chapter 9; data compilation) Yasufumi Oyama Second Theory-Oriented Research Group, NISTEP (Chapter 9; data compilation) Jun-ichi Yoshizawa Former Second Theory-Oriented Research Group, NISTEP (Chapter 9; data compilation) TakeshiYamamoto Second Theory-Oriented Research Group, NISTEP (Chapter 9; data compilation) TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Outline of Science & Technology Indicators — Overview of Science & Technology Activities in Japan —_9 1.1 Overview of R&D Activities 11 1.2 Education and Human Resource Development for Science and Technology 15 1.3 Social Support for Science and Technology 19 1.4 R&D Activities in Industry, Academia and Government 22 1.5 Achievements of R&D Activities 26 1.6 Social Contribution of Science and Technology 30 1.7 Public Opinion on Science and Technology 35 1.8 Internationalization of R&D 39 1.9 Regional S&T Activities 43 1.10 Composite Indicators International Comparison of Overall Strengths in S&T 48 Chapter 2 Education and Human Resource Development for Science and Technology 51 2.1 Environment for Basic Human Resource Development 53 2.2 Senior High School 57 2.3 Junior Colleges and Colleges of Technologies 65 2.4 University Departments 68 2.5 Master's Courses 72 2.6 Doctorate Courses 77 Chapter 3 Social Support for Science and Technology 87 3.1 Governmental Support 89 3.2 Public Support 99 Chapter 4 R&D Activities in Industry, Academia, and Government 113 4.1 Overview of R&D Activities 115 4.2 R&D in Industry 137 4.3 R&D in Academia 150 4.4 R&D in R&D Organizations 155 Chapter 5 Achievements of R&D Activities 159 5.1 Scientific Papers 161 5.2 Patenting 167 5.3 Industrial Standards 188 5.4 Awards for Achievement in Science and Technology 190 Chapter 6 Social Contribution of Science and Technology 195 6.1 Contribution to Economic Growth 197 6.2 Contribution to Preserving the Global Environment 205 6.3 Improvement of Medical Care and Welfare 222 Chapter 7 Public Opinion on Science and Technology 235 7.1 Research into Opinions on Science and Technology 237 7.2 Japanese Opinions on Science and Technology 240 7.3 International Comparison of Opinions Regarding Science and Technology 261 Chapter 8 Internationalization of Research and Development 275 8.1 Interchange of Researchers and Engineers 277 8.2 Technology Trade 290 Chapter 9 Regional Science and Technology Activities 307 9.1 Science and Technology Base 309 9.2 R&D Activities 322 9.3 Achievements and Contribution of Science and Technology 333 Chapter 10 Composite Indicators: International Comparison of Overall Strengths in Science and Technology 345 10.1 Purpose and Significance of Integrating Indicators 347 10.2 Method of Combining Indicators 349 10.3 Analysis Results 351 Reference (1) Outline of principal component analysis and factor analysis 359 Reference (2) Supplementation of analysis results 363 STATISTICAL TABLES 367 Explanatory Notes 1. All descriptions, figures, tables, etc., except for diagrams whose source has been specifically mentioned, are the work of the National Institute of Science and Technology Policy. 2. Information sources for indicators listed below figures and tables in this report are defined as follows: Sources: Original source for indicator data or original provider of data. In this report, figures and tables have been prepared on the basis of data from these sources; the expressions "prepared from" or "compiled from" will be used when considerable processing of data has been carried out. Duplication: Figures duplicated from other publications. 3. Commentary on the text is marked by (1) within the text, and the commentary itself is given later in an appropriate spot. 4. References are given at the end of the chapter. References are marked by [1] within the text. 5. For yearly data, survey times and periods may differ by country or type of statistics. Distinctions between calendar and fiscal years are not necessarily made in the same manner as in the original source but rather expressed in a way appropriate for showing the characteristics of the data and for international comparisons. 6. Germany in this report, in the absence of any specific mention, refers to West Germany until 1990 and to the reunified Germany from 1991. ( )